4.28托福阅读翻译：地下水
地下水是指渗入到地下并将所有岩石空隙填满的水。到现在为止，雨水是最丰富的地下水资源，是地下水在水循环中的一个环节。普通的雨水会从地表、降水以及湖泊河流侵入到地下。在冒出地表之前，这些地下水有时会长时间留在地下。在我们脚下坚实的土地中竟然有足够的空间储存这些水，这在一开始会让人觉得难以置信。
地下水所需的储存空间多种多样。松散的砂子和砾石间有许多颗粒和小石子，他们之间的空隙是最常见的储存地下水的空间。由这些颗粒组成的水床非常普遍，通常位于看不见的土壤下方，在湍急的河流曾经流过的地方都能找到它们的踪迹。比如，冰河时代覆盖北美的巨大冰层逐渐融化，大量水从那儿流出。水里总会携带些石子、砾石和沙石，这就是所谓的冰河期的冰水沉积，这些颗粒会随着水流的减速而沉淀。
现代也有冰水沉积，尽管规模相对较小。凡是有携带泥沙的河流或者溪流从山谷流至相对平坦的地面时，砂石就随着水流速度的减慢逐渐沉淀;水流通常呈扇形扩散，它们所携带的砂石也会沉淀为光滑的扇形斜面。当河流汇入湖泊和海洋的时候也会有沉淀，这些沉淀最初在湖底或海底，但将来海平面下降或者陆地崛起时，它们就会分布于内陆，通常厚达几千米。
低地区域上的任何位置可能就是曾经的河床，后续被土壤覆盖而变成现在的样子。如果那些河床和沙洲现在位于地下水位之下，一定会有大量的地下水浸在它们的沙砾和沙石之间。
以上说的都是松散的沉积物，那些坚固的沉积物，也拥有以数万计的毛细孔来容纳水。因为最初颗粒间的缝隙通常并未完全被粘固的化学物质塞满，而且部分颗粒很可能在固化时或固化后被渗入的地下水溶解;结果这些砂岩最终变得和形成它的散沙一样多孔。
因此，不管沉积物是疏松还是坚固，他们中一定有空间。大部分结晶体岩石都非常坚硬，但也有例外，最常见的就是玄武岩，它是一种固化的火山熔岩，经常充满了微小气泡，从而变得十分多孔。
岩石的多孔性就是指其中空隙的比例。但需要注意的是，多孔性与渗透性是不同的。渗透性衡量的是水渗透物质的难易程度，它取决于与单个空隙以及连接空隙间裂缝的大小。
当充满水分的沉淀物或者岩石样本被放置在适合的干燥环境中时，大部分的水分会流干，但仍有部分水会继续附着在坚实的表面上。要不是因为表面张力，这些水分也会立刻蒸发，仅留下完全干燥的样本。因此，试验样本的含水量既包括可以流干的水，也包括不能流干的水。
这两种水的相对含量因岩石或沉积物种类不同而改变，即便它们有相同比例的空隙，还取决于空隙的大小。如果空隙很大，其中的水会形成水滴，太重足以克服吸引它的表面张力，就会流走;但如果空隙够小，水会像薄膜一样，太轻无法克服表面张力，从而稳稳地附着在空隙表面上。
文章逐句翻译
第一段：
Groundwater is the word used to describe water that saturates the ground, filling all the available spaces.
地下水是指渗入地下并填满岩石空隙的水。
By far the most abundant type of groundwater is meteoric water; this is the groundwater that circulates as part of the water cycle.
至今为止最丰富的地下水来源便是气象水，它是自然界水循环的一部分。
Ordinary meteoric water is water that has soaked into the ground from the surface, from precipitation (rain and snow) and from lakes and streams.
普通气象水会从地表、雨雪湖泊和河川渗入地下。
There it remains, sometimes for long periods, before emerging at the surface again.
有时它们会长时间滞留于此，之后再次涌出地表。
At first thought it seems incredible that there can be enough space in the “solid” ground underfoot to hold all this water.
或许在人们看来，坚硬的地壳居然有充足空间来储存这样多的水是难以置信的。
第二段：
The necessary space is there, however, in many forms.
然而，地下水的储存空间是多种多样的。
The commonest spaces are those among the particles—sand grains and tiny pebbles—of loose, unconsolidated sand and gravel.
最常见的便是疏松砂石中的细小颗粒----如沙粒和小鹅卵石----之间的空隙。
Beds of this material, out of sight beneath the soil, are common. They are found wherever fast rivers carrying loads of coarse sediment once flowed.
这些砂石床藏匿于土壤之下，极为普遍，凡是那些负载着粗糙沉积物的湍急河流流经之处都可以发现它们的踪迹。
For example, as the great ice sheets that covered North America during the last ice age steadily
melted away, huge volumes of water flowed from them.
比如，随着冰河时代覆盖北美的巨大冰层逐渐融化，大量融水汹涌流出。
The water was always laden with pebbles, gravel, and sand, known as glacial outwash, that was deposited as the flow slowed down.
水中会携带鹅卵石、砾石和沙石，即所谓的冰水沉积物，它们会随水流渐缓而缓慢沉淀。
第三段：
The same thing happens to this day, though on a smaller scale,
类似事件如今也时常发生，不过规模相对较小罢了。
wherever a sediment-laden river or stream emerges from a mountain valley onto relatively flat land, dropping its load as the current slows: the water usually spreads out fanwise, depositing the sediment in the form of a smooth, fan-shaped slope.
当携带沉积物的河流或溪水从山谷而下，流至相对平坦的地面时，砂石便随着流速减慢而逐渐沉淀：水流通常呈扇形蔓延，进而使所承载的砂石以光滑扇形的斜面形式沉积下来。Sediments are also dropped where a river slows on entering a lake or the sea, the deposited sediments are on a lake floor or the seafloor at first, but will be located inland at some future date, when the sea level falls or the land rises; such beds are sometimes thousands of meters thick.
当河流汇入湖泊和海洋时也会留下沉积物，这些沉淀物最初附着在湖底或海底，但日后一旦海平面下降或者陆地崛起，它们便会分布至内陆，厚度通常达几千米。
第四段：
In lowland country almost any spot on the ground may overlie what was once the bed of a river that has since become buried by soil;
在低地国家，任何一寸土地之下都可能存在曾经河流的河床，这些河流被土壤掩埋而消失。
if they are now below the water’s upper surface (the water table), the gravels and sands of the former riverbed, and its sandbars, will be saturated with groundwater.
如果这些河床如今正位于地下水位之下，那麽其所含的沙石定会储存了大量地下水。
第五段：
So much for unconsolidated sediments. Consolidated (or cemented) sediments, too, contain millions of minute water-holding pores.
上述内容都是有关松散沉积物的储水状况，而坚固沉积物同样也拥有以数万计的微孔来容纳水分。
This is because the gaps among the original grains are often not totally plugged with cementing chemicals;
这是由于最初沙粒的缝隙通常并没有被胶黏质的化学物质完全阻塞，
also, parts of the original grains may become dissolved by percolating groundwater, either while consolidation is taking place or at any time afterwards.
同时，部分颗粒很可能在固化或者固化之后被渗透而下的地下水溶解。
The result is that sandstone, for example, can be as porous as the loose sand from which it was formed.
最终，如由散沙形成的砂岩甚至会变得和散沙一样多孔。
第六段：
Thus a proportion of the total volume of any sediment, loose or cemented, consists of empty space. 因此，无论沉积物属于疏松或是坚固，其整体中必有一部分为真空区。
Most crystalline rocks are much more solid; a common exception is basalt, a form of solidified volcanic lava, which is sometimes full of tiny bubbles that make it very porous.
大部分岩石晶体都非常坚硬，不过也有例外，如玄武岩。它是一种固化的火山熔岩，内部经常充满微小气泡，从而变得十分多孔。
第七段：
The proportion of empty space in a rock is known as its porosity.
岩石真空区比例的大小被称为多孔性。
But note that porosity is not the same as permeability, which measures the ease with which water can flow through a material; this depends on the sizes of the individual cavities and the crevices linking them.
但注意，多孔性与渗透性是不同概念。渗透性衡量的是水渗透物质的难易程度，它取决于物质中独立孔洞以及连接孔洞的裂缝的大小。
第八段
Much of the water in a sample of water-saturated sediment or rock will drain from it if the sample is put in a suitable dry place.
当浸满水分的沉淀物或者岩石样本被放在适宜的干燥环境中时，大部分水分会蒸发。
But some will remain, clinging to all solid surfaces.
但仍有部分水分会继续附着在样本的表面。
It is held there by the force of surface tension without which water would drain instantly from any wet surface, leaving it totally dry.
这是由于水的表面张力使水分得以存留，否则样本将迅速完全干燥。
The total volume of water in the saturated sample must therefore be thought of as consisting of water that can, and water that cannot, drain away.
因此，试验样本的含水量包含两部分，可被蒸发的水和不可被蒸发的水。
第九段：
The relative amount of these two kinds of water varies greatly from one kind of rock or sediment to another, even though their porosities may be the same. What happens depends on pore size.
这两种水分的相对含量因岩石与沉积物种类不同而不同，即便它们的孔隙度相同也是如此。毛孔的大小决定了它们的比例。
If the pores are large, the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surface tension to hold, and it will drain away;
如果毛孔很大，毛孔中的水会形成过重的水滴，进而可以克服表面张力，从而掉落。
but if the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist as thin films, too light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them in place; then the water will be firmly held.
但如果毛孔足够小，其中的水会像薄膜一样，由于过轻而无法克服吸引它的表面张力，从而被稳固的吸附在孔隙中。
